Present Perfect Simple
The present perfect simple expresses an action that is still going on or that stopped recently, but has an influence on the present. It puts emphasis on the result.
Form of Present Perfect
Positive | Negative | Question | |
---|---|---|---|
I / you / we / they | I have spoken. | I have not spoken. | Have I spoken? |
he / she / it | He has spoken. | He has not spoken. | Has he spoken? |
For irregular verbs, use the participle form (See your list in the last page of the book). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.
Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ‘ed’
Exceptions in spelling when adding ed | Example |
---|---|
after a final e only add d | love – loved |
final consonant after a short, stressed vowel or l as final consonant after a vowel is doubled | admit – admitted travel – travelled |
final y after a consonant becomes i | hurry – hurried |
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